TIME EXPRESSIONS 2

AMAZING VOCABULARY
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Let us learn the following time expressions in this post.
1. Constantly 2. Continuously 3. Forthcoming 4. Prospective 5.long-term 6. Former 7. Preliminary 8. Simultaneous 9.ultimately 10. Rapidly
1. Constant
" CONSTANT " means something which does not change over time and remains in the same state. This term has a precise meaning in mathematics. Constant is both an adjective and a noun.
His love to her is constant . ( Adjective )
The velocity of light is a constant according to the theory of relativity. ( noun )
We come across Planck's constant in Quantum Physics.
We stay near a railway line. We are constantly bombarded by the noise of the running trains.
" Constantly " is an adverb.
That man is a constant nuisance . He calls me up at odd hours.
2. Continuously
When a process goes on without any interruption , it is continuous. In other words, there is no stop.
The professor is talking continuously for one hour.
It is raining continuously for the last two hours.
3. Forthcoming
If an event is to take place within a reasonably short period , we call that event " a forthcoming event ".
The leaders of several countries are heading to New Delhi for the forthcoming
SAARC summit.
4. Prospective
" Prospect of something " is the possibility of that thing happening . " Prospect" is a noun.
The monsoon rains are delayed . The chief economist stated that the prospect of a year of drought can not be ruled out.
With such excellent players in our cricket team, there is every prospect of India winning the World Cup .
She says , " I shudder at the prospect of marrying an arrogant man like Suresh."
" prospective " is an adjective . It means one expects what is described as " prospective ".
Bureaucratic delays will drive away prospective investors from our country.
Hillary Clinton is the prospective president of USA , according to several opinion polls.
5. Long-term
The above adjective is used to mean something which is expected to come about , not immediately , but after a long time.
We talk of short-term goals and long-term goals.
As long-term objective is something to be achieved in the long run and not immediately.
The long-term goal of the government of India is eradication of poverty.
6. Former
" Former" is an adjective . It means something which existed earlier and does not exist now.
Manmohan Singh is the former prime minister of India.
Pondicherry was a former French territory.
Formerly is the adverb . It means in earlier times.
Srilanka was formerly known as Ceylon .
7. Preliminary
What is done at the beginning is " preliminary ". It is an adjective .
My preliminary estimate of the cost of this project is one billion dollars.
The foreign ministers' conference will be preceded by preliminary discussions between the respective foreign secretaries of the respective countries.
8. Simultaneous
When two events take place at the sometime , they are simultaneous.
In international conferences , there is a provision of simultaneous translation in several languages.
I can not attend to his lecture and take notes simultaneously .
9. Ultimately
" ultimate " means something which takes place last or at the end. " Ultimate " is adjective .
" ultimately " is an adverb. " final".
Is there an ultimate solution to global warming ?
Ultimately , he yielded to temptation .
10. Rapidly
" Rapid " is fast . It is an adjective.
Rapid Action Force is very useful when riots break out in an area.
The fire spread rapidly before the fire service personnel arrived on the scene.
T. K. Jayaraman
25/05/2015
Bangalore .
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VOCABULARY RELATING TO TIME

AMAZING VOCABULARY
TERMS RELATING TO TIME
I was preoccupied with the Basic French Course which I organized in the Indian Institute of World Culture , Bangalore . Therefore , I could not post any note in this blog . Now I pick up the threads. In this post, let us understand certain words/phrases associated with TIME.
I will take up the following words .
1. Often 2. Frequently 3. Seldom 4. Rarely 5. Once in a blue moon 6. Hardly 7. Initially 8. Subsequently 9. Sequentially 10. Successively
OFTEN
This is a very simple word. When you do a particular thing again and again , you do it OFTEN.
When an event occurs many times during some interval, we say that it occurs OFTEN.
OFTEN , they cut the electricity supply in this town. Since " OFTEN " qualifies a verb, in grammar it is an ADVERB.
How OFTEN do you visit your native place ?
I go there only once in a year.
" MORE OFTEN THAN NOT " is an expression. It means usually, typical of something
South Indians eat rice preparations , MORE OFTEN THAN NOT.
" OFTENTIMES " means often. But it is an old usage. But in North America, still the usage is prevalent.
FREQUENTLY
This word has the same meaning as " often " . Frequency means a number of times an action is performed during a given interval of time. It is often used in physical / biological sciences and also technology . We talk of frequency of electromagnetic radiation . Frequency of sound waves etc.
FREQUENTLY is the adverb .
We visit our grandfather very frequently .
The countries in Middle East go to war with each other very frequently.
FREQUENT is the adjective form.
There is frequent breakdown of electricity in this city.
FREQUENT is also used as a verb. It means , " to visit a place often ".
During my student days, I used to frequent theaters .
SELDOM
This word means rarely .
I SELDOM watch HIndi movies. It means , " I watch Hindi movies only occasionally .
RARELY
RARELY means occasionally . It is synonymous with " seldom ".
The former prime minister rarely gives public statements on important issues.
ONCE IN A BLUE MOON
The above expression is an IDIOM. When something happens very rarely, we use the above expression.
John , my close friend during school days, telephones me once in a blue moon.
However , this phrase has become a cliché . That means a worn- out expression. I do not find it in the Oxford Dictionary.
HARDLY
This also means " rarely ". Please do not confuse this with the word " hard".
When a person works hardly , it means , he very rarely works.
But if he works hard, it means he puts in a lot of efforts.
Hardly has other meanings. It can be used in the following senses.
Almost no
Almost none
Almost not
Almost never
There is hardly any salt in the container.
It means that there is no salt in the container.
There is hardly any student in the class.
It means almost everyone had left.
" Hardly " has a negative connotation.
I can hardly believe that John failed in the examination.
INITIALLY
INITIALLY means " at the beginning ".
Initially , he was enthusiastic about the medical course. But later he lost his interest.
" INITIAL" is the adjective.
What was his initial reaction on hearing the news of his defeat in the election ?
SUBSEQUENTLY
Suppose you refer to some event . When another event happens after the first referred event, we use the word " SUBSEQUENTLY "
The Presidential Aircraft landed at 9 am. The President accepted a reception given to him at the airport . Subsequently , he visited Rajghat , Mahatma Gandhi's Samadhi to lay a wreath.
SEQUENTIALLY
When an event or process is divided into smaller events / processes which take place in a particular order, we talk of sequence.
Certain manufacturing processes are carried out sequentially .
SUCCESSIVELY
Successively means one after another . One event succeeds another . It is synonymous with
" sequentially ".
The processes of heating , evaporation and condensation are carried out successively in any distillation.
" Succeed " is the verb. SUCCESSION is the noun.
We will discuss more words in the next post.
Sayee Jayaraman
24/05/2015
Bangalore

PHOBIAS

PHOBIAS

In the last post, I gave a list of words suffixed with - mania. In this post, I will take up
words suffixed with phobia. " phobia " in Greek means " fear" . A morbid fear is expressed
by suffixing a word with phobia. There are many words coined with this suffix . I will take up
just six common words with this suffix. But you can learn more words by referring to other
sources. " phobia " is a noun. " phobic " is used both as noun and as adjective . Cat phobic
refers to a person having morbid fear of cats.

1. Aquaphobia
Aqua means water.
In fact, Aquaphobia. means a morbid fear of drowning.
Aquaphobic is adjective . In a similar manner, adjectives are formed for other words
suffixed with " phobia "

2. Acrophobia -
This word means a morbid fear of heights.

3. Agoraphobia
Agora means open space.
Therefore , Agoraphobia means morbid fear of open spaces.

4. Claustrophobia
This is the opposite of the previous word.
The meaning is fear of closed spaces.

5. Homophobia
In 1971, George Wiener coined this word.
The word means a morbid fear of homosexuals.
6. Xenophobia -
This word means fear or antipathy towards strangers or foreigners.
That is all for this post. In future, when you come across any word with the suffix
phobia, it may not be difficult for you to guess its meaning. At least , you will be
curious to know it. If so, the purpose of this note will be served.

For pronunciation , please consult online pronunciation dictionaries.

Happy learning
Sayee Jayaraman
12/04/2015
Bangalore

MANIAS

Words describing " MANIAS"
In this post let us learn five words with suffix " MANIA" .What is a mania ? This word is associated with madness. The Greek and Latin word for madness is mania. Obsession with something is a sort of madness. The subject of obsession may be different in respect of people. There are many English words which describe such obsession by words suffixed with - mania. Let us learn five such common words.


1. BIBLIOMANIA
" Biblio " means books. Therefore an abnormal desire for acquiring and owning books goes
by the name " bibliomania". A person who has this abnormality is called " bibliomaniac". The
adjective form of this word is " bibliomaniacal " .
I know a person who spends most of his earnings in purchasing books. Once I found an
amazing collection of " Bhagavad Gita " , a holy book in his library. When I asked him if
he had read that book, he replied that he did not have time to read. He had time only to
acquire and satisfy his desire to own them. This person is just a bibliomaniac .


2. KLEPTOMANIA
The Greek root of this word. " kleptes" means theft. Therefore a person who suffers from
a compulsive and irresistible impulse to steal things from others is a " KLEPTOMANIAC"
Such a disorder which is an emotional disturbance is " KLEPTOMANIA". The adjective
form of the word is " KLEPTOMANIAICAL".
Remember that a Kleptomaniac does not steal from economic motive. It is mental /
emotional disturbance only. Sometimes you find even rich people suffering from this
disorder.
I have heard of rich ladies stealing spoons from the venue of marriage . We have heard of
shoplifting cases involving celebrities. Amanda Bynes, an actor and designer was reported
to have stolen a $200 hat from a shop. Winona Ryder, an actor was arrested for stealing
$5500 worth of clothes and accessories from a shop. There are several such cases.
Surely these celebrities did not suffer from poverty . They suffer from KLEPTOMANIA.


3. MEGALOMANIA
MEGALO again a Greek root means big / great / grandeur etc. MEGALOMANIA is a
disorder when one suffers from delusions of his own greatness . What he or she thinks
himself or herself to be is not a fact or in the realm of reality. It is a delusion. Someone
believes that he is Alexander the Great . Another thinks that she is Cleopatra .
These people suffer from MEGALOMANIA . They are MEGALOMANIACS. The adjective
form is MEGALOMANIACAL .


4. MYTHOMANIA
Generally we associate , " MYTHS " with stories hard to believe. Every culture has its
own mythology .if something has no basis in reality or not a fact, we say it is just a myth.
Therefore an excessive or abnormal propensity for lying and exaggerating is called
MYTHOMANIA . Such a person is a MYTHOMANIAC the adjective form is
MYTHOMANIACAL.
My friend would repeatedly tell that his great grandfather fought with a tiger singlehandedly
and killed it. I wonder if it were a case of MYTHOMANIA.


5. DIPSOMANIA
The Greek root , " dipsa" refers to thirst. Therefore " DIPSOMANIA " is an uncontrollable
craving for alcoholic liquors.
In my long years of service in the Customs Department, I have seen many a
DIPSOMANIAIC and that too unfortunately on their deathbed.
The adjective form is " DIPSOMANIACAL ".
Please try to learn other ENGLISH WORDS suffixed with - MANIA.
HAPPY LEARNING
Sayee Jayaraman
06/04/2015

AN IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT

Mr. T K Jayaraman , IRS ( Retd)  and presently French Trainer will be conducting a Basic French Course at the Indian Institute of World Culture BP Wadia Road Basavangudi Bangalore -04 from 18/04:2015 to 19/05/2015 on Saturdays and Sundays from 9 30 am to 11 30 am for a total duration of 20 hours covering everyday French and basic grammar. The course fee will be ₹ 1050 / - only. Interested persons may please contact the Honarary Secretary of IIWC in the following numbers.

080-26678581

9036788567

My tutor profile

http://tutorindia.net/Tutor_Profiles-MjQ5MjA-Mr_T_K_Jayaraman

The above is my tutor profile in Tutorindia site. I teach English ,French . Maths and Physics on line through Skype. Learners interested in special coaching in these subjects may contact me.

Skype id sayee49

tkjcustoms@gmail.com

00919538533363

MANGEMENT VOCABULARY 10 ÉCONOMIC FRAUD

Today let us discuss vocabulary relating to economic frauds .

" WHITE COLLAR CRIME " is a well known expression for economic frauds. The people who commit such frauds are sophisticated. Their appearances belie their motives. They are quite polished.  But then,they have criminal mind.

MISAPPROPRIATION

The verb is " to misappropriate " . It means taking away someone else's money.  People working in companies, when they are dishonest try to gain money by committing some fraud.

EMBEZZLEMENT

Embezzlement means stealing. This word is also frequently used for corporate crimes.  A person in some responsible position in a company misuses his position to gain pecuniary advantage for himself. That is embezzlement. The verb is " to embezzle".

DEFALCATION

This is another word for misappropriation.

BLACK MONEY

When an individual or a company keeps correct account of their income, then taxes have to be paid to the government. In order not to pay tax on the entire income, a part of income will not be shown in the accounts.  In other words,there will be some unaccounted income.  The unaccounted income is known as BLACK MONEY.

TAX HAVEN

When the taxes are high in one country,a company is registered in a country where taxes are low. The idea is avoidance of taxes in your country. So the other countries which help you to avoid taxes are known as TAX HAVENS.

TAX EVASION

Nobody likes to pay taxes. Even when one pays them,it is done very grudgingly. So there is always a tendency among people and companies to evade taxes. TAX EVASION is a very common economic offence.

MONEY LAUNDERING

This is an interesting expression.

When the money is illegally earned,it is black money.  In order to hide the illicit origin of money, people adopt various methods to show that the money originated from legitimate business. This is called laundering.  As though,by washing you make it appear legitimate.

We continue in the next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

4/03/2015