TIME EXPRESSIONS 2

AMAZING VOCABULARY
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Let us learn the following time expressions in this post.
1. Constantly 2. Continuously 3. Forthcoming 4. Prospective 5.long-term 6. Former 7. Preliminary 8. Simultaneous 9.ultimately 10. Rapidly
1. Constant
" CONSTANT " means something which does not change over time and remains in the same state. This term has a precise meaning in mathematics. Constant is both an adjective and a noun.
His love to her is constant . ( Adjective )
The velocity of light is a constant according to the theory of relativity. ( noun )
We come across Planck's constant in Quantum Physics.
We stay near a railway line. We are constantly bombarded by the noise of the running trains.
" Constantly " is an adverb.
That man is a constant nuisance . He calls me up at odd hours.
2. Continuously
When a process goes on without any interruption , it is continuous. In other words, there is no stop.
The professor is talking continuously for one hour.
It is raining continuously for the last two hours.
3. Forthcoming
If an event is to take place within a reasonably short period , we call that event " a forthcoming event ".
The leaders of several countries are heading to New Delhi for the forthcoming
SAARC summit.
4. Prospective
" Prospect of something " is the possibility of that thing happening . " Prospect" is a noun.
The monsoon rains are delayed . The chief economist stated that the prospect of a year of drought can not be ruled out.
With such excellent players in our cricket team, there is every prospect of India winning the World Cup .
She says , " I shudder at the prospect of marrying an arrogant man like Suresh."
" prospective " is an adjective . It means one expects what is described as " prospective ".
Bureaucratic delays will drive away prospective investors from our country.
Hillary Clinton is the prospective president of USA , according to several opinion polls.
5. Long-term
The above adjective is used to mean something which is expected to come about , not immediately , but after a long time.
We talk of short-term goals and long-term goals.
As long-term objective is something to be achieved in the long run and not immediately.
The long-term goal of the government of India is eradication of poverty.
6. Former
" Former" is an adjective . It means something which existed earlier and does not exist now.
Manmohan Singh is the former prime minister of India.
Pondicherry was a former French territory.
Formerly is the adverb . It means in earlier times.
Srilanka was formerly known as Ceylon .
7. Preliminary
What is done at the beginning is " preliminary ". It is an adjective .
My preliminary estimate of the cost of this project is one billion dollars.
The foreign ministers' conference will be preceded by preliminary discussions between the respective foreign secretaries of the respective countries.
8. Simultaneous
When two events take place at the sometime , they are simultaneous.
In international conferences , there is a provision of simultaneous translation in several languages.
I can not attend to his lecture and take notes simultaneously .
9. Ultimately
" ultimate " means something which takes place last or at the end. " Ultimate " is adjective .
" ultimately " is an adverb. " final".
Is there an ultimate solution to global warming ?
Ultimately , he yielded to temptation .
10. Rapidly
" Rapid " is fast . It is an adjective.
Rapid Action Force is very useful when riots break out in an area.
The fire spread rapidly before the fire service personnel arrived on the scene.
T. K. Jayaraman
25/05/2015
Bangalore .
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VOCABULARY RELATING TO TIME

AMAZING VOCABULARY
TERMS RELATING TO TIME
I was preoccupied with the Basic French Course which I organized in the Indian Institute of World Culture , Bangalore . Therefore , I could not post any note in this blog . Now I pick up the threads. In this post, let us understand certain words/phrases associated with TIME.
I will take up the following words .
1. Often 2. Frequently 3. Seldom 4. Rarely 5. Once in a blue moon 6. Hardly 7. Initially 8. Subsequently 9. Sequentially 10. Successively
OFTEN
This is a very simple word. When you do a particular thing again and again , you do it OFTEN.
When an event occurs many times during some interval, we say that it occurs OFTEN.
OFTEN , they cut the electricity supply in this town. Since " OFTEN " qualifies a verb, in grammar it is an ADVERB.
How OFTEN do you visit your native place ?
I go there only once in a year.
" MORE OFTEN THAN NOT " is an expression. It means usually, typical of something
South Indians eat rice preparations , MORE OFTEN THAN NOT.
" OFTENTIMES " means often. But it is an old usage. But in North America, still the usage is prevalent.
FREQUENTLY
This word has the same meaning as " often " . Frequency means a number of times an action is performed during a given interval of time. It is often used in physical / biological sciences and also technology . We talk of frequency of electromagnetic radiation . Frequency of sound waves etc.
FREQUENTLY is the adverb .
We visit our grandfather very frequently .
The countries in Middle East go to war with each other very frequently.
FREQUENT is the adjective form.
There is frequent breakdown of electricity in this city.
FREQUENT is also used as a verb. It means , " to visit a place often ".
During my student days, I used to frequent theaters .
SELDOM
This word means rarely .
I SELDOM watch HIndi movies. It means , " I watch Hindi movies only occasionally .
RARELY
RARELY means occasionally . It is synonymous with " seldom ".
The former prime minister rarely gives public statements on important issues.
ONCE IN A BLUE MOON
The above expression is an IDIOM. When something happens very rarely, we use the above expression.
John , my close friend during school days, telephones me once in a blue moon.
However , this phrase has become a cliché . That means a worn- out expression. I do not find it in the Oxford Dictionary.
HARDLY
This also means " rarely ". Please do not confuse this with the word " hard".
When a person works hardly , it means , he very rarely works.
But if he works hard, it means he puts in a lot of efforts.
Hardly has other meanings. It can be used in the following senses.
Almost no
Almost none
Almost not
Almost never
There is hardly any salt in the container.
It means that there is no salt in the container.
There is hardly any student in the class.
It means almost everyone had left.
" Hardly " has a negative connotation.
I can hardly believe that John failed in the examination.
INITIALLY
INITIALLY means " at the beginning ".
Initially , he was enthusiastic about the medical course. But later he lost his interest.
" INITIAL" is the adjective.
What was his initial reaction on hearing the news of his defeat in the election ?
SUBSEQUENTLY
Suppose you refer to some event . When another event happens after the first referred event, we use the word " SUBSEQUENTLY "
The Presidential Aircraft landed at 9 am. The President accepted a reception given to him at the airport . Subsequently , he visited Rajghat , Mahatma Gandhi's Samadhi to lay a wreath.
SEQUENTIALLY
When an event or process is divided into smaller events / processes which take place in a particular order, we talk of sequence.
Certain manufacturing processes are carried out sequentially .
SUCCESSIVELY
Successively means one after another . One event succeeds another . It is synonymous with
" sequentially ".
The processes of heating , evaporation and condensation are carried out successively in any distillation.
" Succeed " is the verb. SUCCESSION is the noun.
We will discuss more words in the next post.
Sayee Jayaraman
24/05/2015
Bangalore

PHOBIAS

PHOBIAS

In the last post, I gave a list of words suffixed with - mania. In this post, I will take up
words suffixed with phobia. " phobia " in Greek means " fear" . A morbid fear is expressed
by suffixing a word with phobia. There are many words coined with this suffix . I will take up
just six common words with this suffix. But you can learn more words by referring to other
sources. " phobia " is a noun. " phobic " is used both as noun and as adjective . Cat phobic
refers to a person having morbid fear of cats.

1. Aquaphobia
Aqua means water.
In fact, Aquaphobia. means a morbid fear of drowning.
Aquaphobic is adjective . In a similar manner, adjectives are formed for other words
suffixed with " phobia "

2. Acrophobia -
This word means a morbid fear of heights.

3. Agoraphobia
Agora means open space.
Therefore , Agoraphobia means morbid fear of open spaces.

4. Claustrophobia
This is the opposite of the previous word.
The meaning is fear of closed spaces.

5. Homophobia
In 1971, George Wiener coined this word.
The word means a morbid fear of homosexuals.
6. Xenophobia -
This word means fear or antipathy towards strangers or foreigners.
That is all for this post. In future, when you come across any word with the suffix
phobia, it may not be difficult for you to guess its meaning. At least , you will be
curious to know it. If so, the purpose of this note will be served.

For pronunciation , please consult online pronunciation dictionaries.

Happy learning
Sayee Jayaraman
12/04/2015
Bangalore

MANIAS

Words describing " MANIAS"
In this post let us learn five words with suffix " MANIA" .What is a mania ? This word is associated with madness. The Greek and Latin word for madness is mania. Obsession with something is a sort of madness. The subject of obsession may be different in respect of people. There are many English words which describe such obsession by words suffixed with - mania. Let us learn five such common words.


1. BIBLIOMANIA
" Biblio " means books. Therefore an abnormal desire for acquiring and owning books goes
by the name " bibliomania". A person who has this abnormality is called " bibliomaniac". The
adjective form of this word is " bibliomaniacal " .
I know a person who spends most of his earnings in purchasing books. Once I found an
amazing collection of " Bhagavad Gita " , a holy book in his library. When I asked him if
he had read that book, he replied that he did not have time to read. He had time only to
acquire and satisfy his desire to own them. This person is just a bibliomaniac .


2. KLEPTOMANIA
The Greek root of this word. " kleptes" means theft. Therefore a person who suffers from
a compulsive and irresistible impulse to steal things from others is a " KLEPTOMANIAC"
Such a disorder which is an emotional disturbance is " KLEPTOMANIA". The adjective
form of the word is " KLEPTOMANIAICAL".
Remember that a Kleptomaniac does not steal from economic motive. It is mental /
emotional disturbance only. Sometimes you find even rich people suffering from this
disorder.
I have heard of rich ladies stealing spoons from the venue of marriage . We have heard of
shoplifting cases involving celebrities. Amanda Bynes, an actor and designer was reported
to have stolen a $200 hat from a shop. Winona Ryder, an actor was arrested for stealing
$5500 worth of clothes and accessories from a shop. There are several such cases.
Surely these celebrities did not suffer from poverty . They suffer from KLEPTOMANIA.


3. MEGALOMANIA
MEGALO again a Greek root means big / great / grandeur etc. MEGALOMANIA is a
disorder when one suffers from delusions of his own greatness . What he or she thinks
himself or herself to be is not a fact or in the realm of reality. It is a delusion. Someone
believes that he is Alexander the Great . Another thinks that she is Cleopatra .
These people suffer from MEGALOMANIA . They are MEGALOMANIACS. The adjective
form is MEGALOMANIACAL .


4. MYTHOMANIA
Generally we associate , " MYTHS " with stories hard to believe. Every culture has its
own mythology .if something has no basis in reality or not a fact, we say it is just a myth.
Therefore an excessive or abnormal propensity for lying and exaggerating is called
MYTHOMANIA . Such a person is a MYTHOMANIAC the adjective form is
MYTHOMANIACAL.
My friend would repeatedly tell that his great grandfather fought with a tiger singlehandedly
and killed it. I wonder if it were a case of MYTHOMANIA.


5. DIPSOMANIA
The Greek root , " dipsa" refers to thirst. Therefore " DIPSOMANIA " is an uncontrollable
craving for alcoholic liquors.
In my long years of service in the Customs Department, I have seen many a
DIPSOMANIAIC and that too unfortunately on their deathbed.
The adjective form is " DIPSOMANIACAL ".
Please try to learn other ENGLISH WORDS suffixed with - MANIA.
HAPPY LEARNING
Sayee Jayaraman
06/04/2015

AN IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT

Mr. T K Jayaraman , IRS ( Retd)  and presently French Trainer will be conducting a Basic French Course at the Indian Institute of World Culture BP Wadia Road Basavangudi Bangalore -04 from 18/04:2015 to 19/05/2015 on Saturdays and Sundays from 9 30 am to 11 30 am for a total duration of 20 hours covering everyday French and basic grammar. The course fee will be ₹ 1050 / - only. Interested persons may please contact the Honarary Secretary of IIWC in the following numbers.

080-26678581

9036788567

My tutor profile

http://tutorindia.net/Tutor_Profiles-MjQ5MjA-Mr_T_K_Jayaraman

The above is my tutor profile in Tutorindia site. I teach English ,French . Maths and Physics on line through Skype. Learners interested in special coaching in these subjects may contact me.

Skype id sayee49

tkjcustoms@gmail.com

00919538533363

MANGEMENT VOCABULARY 10 ÉCONOMIC FRAUD

Today let us discuss vocabulary relating to economic frauds .

" WHITE COLLAR CRIME " is a well known expression for economic frauds. The people who commit such frauds are sophisticated. Their appearances belie their motives. They are quite polished.  But then,they have criminal mind.

MISAPPROPRIATION

The verb is " to misappropriate " . It means taking away someone else's money.  People working in companies, when they are dishonest try to gain money by committing some fraud.

EMBEZZLEMENT

Embezzlement means stealing. This word is also frequently used for corporate crimes.  A person in some responsible position in a company misuses his position to gain pecuniary advantage for himself. That is embezzlement. The verb is " to embezzle".

DEFALCATION

This is another word for misappropriation.

BLACK MONEY

When an individual or a company keeps correct account of their income, then taxes have to be paid to the government. In order not to pay tax on the entire income, a part of income will not be shown in the accounts.  In other words,there will be some unaccounted income.  The unaccounted income is known as BLACK MONEY.

TAX HAVEN

When the taxes are high in one country,a company is registered in a country where taxes are low. The idea is avoidance of taxes in your country. So the other countries which help you to avoid taxes are known as TAX HAVENS.

TAX EVASION

Nobody likes to pay taxes. Even when one pays them,it is done very grudgingly. So there is always a tendency among people and companies to evade taxes. TAX EVASION is a very common economic offence.

MONEY LAUNDERING

This is an interesting expression.

When the money is illegally earned,it is black money.  In order to hide the illicit origin of money, people adopt various methods to show that the money originated from legitimate business. This is called laundering.  As though,by washing you make it appear legitimate.

We continue in the next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

4/03/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 9 VAT

I am reminding you that my posts are meant for enriching your vocabulary in different fields of knowledge. The intention is not to make you an expert in a particular field. As an educated person, you should have a very broad idea of almost everything that has a bearing on your life.


When you read newspapers, they talk about VAT. In the context of taxation,we should understand this acronym for VALUE ADDED TAX.

VAT is formed by the first letters of the three words of VALUE ADDED TAX.

In all good dictionaries, you will find this term.

Value-added-tax

VAT is very popular in many countries. It is a tax paid by a seller to the government only on the value added by him to the product.

I am trying to make you understand the concept. Suppose a person purchases certain goods and uses them in producing a product. He incurs costs on the input which has a component of tax paid to the government. After producing the product,he sells the same to another person at some higher value. In other words,he adds value to the product. While paying tax to the government on this product, he takes credit of tax already paid on the product. His net liability is only on the value added by him. If the person who purchases this product, is the ultimate consumer,he suffers the burden of all taxes paid at every stage on the product. Therefore, the incidence of Value added tax is on the ultimate consumer. To him, it is nothing but a sales tax. So VAT is a tax on consumption.


Hope you understand clearly the concept of VAT.

REST IN MY NEXT POST.

Sayee Jayaraman
02/03/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 8 TAXATION

Somebody said that the only certainty in life is tax and death. You can never escape from taxes of one type of other, however poor you may be. Where will the government go for getting money except by taxing you and me?

One of the objectives of taxation is getting REVENUE. But that is not the only objective. TAXATION is a very powerful instrument in the hands of a government to achieve several objectives.

For example,cigarette smoking is injurious for health. It is a statutory warning. Every year, the government imposes very high excise duty on cigarette and other tobacco products. Consequently,the cigarette price will be beyond the reach of people with meagre incomes. But then the persons addicted to cigarettes would rather reduce their other essential expenses than quit smoking. Such people contribute to the revenue of the government immensely. In any case,the government believes that a high duty on cigarettes would discourage their consumption. Duty on alcoholic liquor has similar objectives.


Suppose a country like China dumps its manufactured products in India at very cheap prices.Surely it would cause injury to domestic industry. So Indian government would initiate a procedure to levy ANTI-DUMPING duty on such products. After paying ANTI-DUMPING duty,it would not make sense to the traders to sell such goods in the Indian market. The price would be prohibitive.

When you import goods from other countries,you have to pay them in a strong currency like US DOLLARS. Rupees have to be converted to dollars. In good old days, INDIA had insufficient foreign exchange reserves to meet all essential needs. There was very strict control of foreign exchange. Many goods were not allowed to be imported. There was a ban. Even where the goods could be imported with a LICENCE, there would be savage rates of CUSTOMS DUTIES. Like 300% to 400%. What I want to emphasise here,is the enormous power of tax levy at the disposal of a government to achieve several of its objectives.

In respect of imported goods,apart from the normal customs duty,the government would impose a COUNTERVAILING DUTY which is equal to the excise duty reliable on like products in India. Is it getting too technical? But a management student should have an idea though he is not expected to be a tax expert.

How is the tax calculated?

In respect of tax on income,it is easy. The tax is calculated on the taxable income. How the TAXABLE INCOME is computed need not worry us. Suppose the rate of income tax is 10% on the TAXABLE income and if the TAXABLE income in a particular case is ₹300000,the tax would be ₹30000 only.

However in respect of CUSTOMS and excise duties, there are generally two ways of calculating the tax burden. Tax is always a burden! The tax department freely uses the word, " burden". After all,the tax inspector is also a tax payer.

AD VALOREM DUTY

AD VALOREM duty is based on the value of the goods. If you want to pay less duty,you would show less value. But it is difficult for you to outsmart the customs men. The AD VALOREM DUTY is a percentage of the value of the goods. Say, 10%,15%,20% and so on.

SPECIFIC DUTY would be based on the quantity imported or cleared. For example,1000 per tonne. Hope you understood. You may declare less quantity to reduce your liability. But then the customs or excise inspector is not to be taken for granted. He would smell a rat. He is trained for that.

Shall we continue in the next post?

Happy learning!

SAYEE Jayaraman
01/03/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 7 TAXATION

Today all were glued to their tv to watch the Indian Finance Minister present the Union Budget. It was rather a long speech. You should have patience to sit through the entire budget speech.

What is a BUDGET?

In layman' s language, budget is a statement of your income and expenditure. Also the details of them. Your budget is for your family. But the Finance Minister budgets for the entire country.

Normally we are all interested to know how the budget is going to affect our lives. In every budget, one expects change in taxation rates. If TAX RATE goes up,it affects you adversely. You end up paying more. When the TAX RATE is reduced,you feel happy. Why? You pay less tax.

In this post let us discuss words relating to taxation. Generally TAX is levied by the government. Remember, only government can impose a tax on the citizen of a country. The power to levy tax vests with the government. This power is called a SOVEREIGN POWER. Note  that when the municipal corporation levies tax on you,it is supposed to be part of government. Power to levy tax is conferred on a body by law.

No tax can be collected without an authority of law.

What are the various types of taxes?

Taxes can broadly be categorized in two ways.

1.DIRECT TAX

2. INDIRECT TAX

INCOME TAX AND CORPORATE TAX are examples of direct taxes.
When the INCIDENCE and IMPACT of a tax are on the same person, the tax is said to be a DIRECT TAX.

CUSTOMS AND EXCISE DUTIES are examples of INDIRECT TAXES.When the incidence and impact of a tax are on different persons, the tax is called an INDIRECT TAX.

Now I have to explain the terms INCIDENCE AND IMPACT.

INCIDENCE refers to a person who by law is responsible to pay the relevant tax. A tax on the income of a person is to be paid by the person who earns the income. So the tax is incident on you when you earn money.

IMPACT refers to a person who feels or experiences the burden of the tax. In the case of income tax, you can easily see that the impact is on the person earning the income.

Therefore income TAX is a DIRECT TAX.

As regards excise duty,the liability in India is on the manufacturer of goods. While removing the manufactured good from his factory, the manufacturer is responsible to pay the tax to the government.
So the Incidence of the tax is on the manufacturer of goods.

Though the manufacturer pays the tax at the time of clearance of the goods from the factory,he later collects the tax paid from the persons to whom he sells the goods. Therefore,the impact is on the consumer.

Since the Incidence and impact are on different persons for excise duty,it is an INDIRECT TAX.

DUTY is another word for tax. But this term is generally used for customs and excise.

CUSTOMS DUTY Is levied on the goods imported and exported at the time of entry into a country or of taking out from the country.Or

Tax is collected at a particular stage. That stage is called a TAXABLE EVENT.

In the case of manufactured goods,the taxable event is the time of clearance from the factory in INDIA.

A tax on the income of a company is called CORPORATE TAX.

The legal term to refer to a person' s responsibility is known as LIABILITY.

Generally a government gets its money by taxing people. It is an income for the government. Another word for the income of a country is REVENUE.

That is all for today. We will learn more words relating to taxation in the next post.

Happy learning

SAYEE Jayaraman
28/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 6 MEETING

MEETINGS

Meeting others is just a part of our day-to-day living. Only a hermit sits in silence shunning the company of lesser mortals like me and you. For several purposes,we have to meet others. But here, I like to deal with formal meetings. Ok?

MEETING, in the context of organizations, is the coming together of a number of persons for a specific purpose.

A Manager can not afford to waste time. For that matter,none can afford it. Even me and you. When somebody gives me an appointment at 10 am and does not turn up, I get wild.

TIME OF A MEETING

Every meeting commences at a particular time. No vagueness about it. The general body meeting of our housing society will commence at 11 am.

PLACE

Every meeting has to take place at a specified place. It is called VENUE.  Venue actually means a place where an event takes place. One talks of the venue of a birthday party or wedding and so on. So there is a venue for a formal meeting.

AGENDA

Every formal meeting will have an AGENDA.  What is it is? The list of points to be discussed in the meeting is called AGENDA. Even before the meeting takes place, the agenda is circulated to the participants of the meeting. The idea is that the participants know beforehand what issues are to be discussed in the meeting. Otherwise, there will be waste of time.

How a meeting is conducted?

Every formal meeting will be presided over by a person. So there is a PRESIDENT for every formal meeting. He chairs the meeting. The secretary in charge welcomes the participants. He requests the President to preside over and conduct the meeting. The President conducts the meeting keeping in mind the agenda. One by one, the points are discussed. The participants are allowed to express their views on the points in the agenda. If all the participants agree on a course of action,we say that there is total consensus on that point. Otherwise there will be discussion.After eliciting the views of the majority,a decision will be taken. Remember, democratic process is important.

There may be voting to find out the majority view. One member or participant may request the President to record his dissent.  Dissent means he is not agreeing with the majority view.

MINUTES OF A MEETING

The proceedings of a meeting are recorded. Such a record is called MINUTES. " to minute " is a verb.  It means " to record". A dissenting note is also minuted. After the minutes are prepared, they are circulated among the members for approval.  The minutes are forwarded by the concerned person to all who are concerned with the implementation of the decisions taken.

I have given you a very broad idea of how a meeting is conducted. Hope you find this useful. My intention is that you should have a very clear idea of the terms used in connection with any meeting.

That is all for now.

Rest in my next post.

T K Jayaraman

27/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 5 CORPORATE HIERARCHY

Who are all the people connected with an enterprise/ company / corporation? Let us learn the various words used to describe them.

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER is the highest ranking officer in a company. (CEO)

PRESIDENT is second in command.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS lays down policy issues of a company.

Some of the DIRECTORS are the senior officers of the company.

Rest of the directors are independent of the company.

The DIRECTORS of a company are elected by the SHAREHOLDERS.

PRESIDENTS often hold the post of CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER IN( COO ).

COO looks after the day to day operations of the company. He executes the policy laid down by the BOARD OF DIRECTORS. He reports to the Board and the Board reports back to the SHAREHOLDERS.

Shareholders are supposed to be the ultimate owners of a company.

VICE PRESIDENT reports to the president. Each vice president is given an area of responsibility.Finance, Human resources, Marketing etc.

In U K,the president is equivalent to Managing Director.

Vice President will be called DEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTOR.Other officers are directors, deputy directors etc.

I hope you now got an idea of the corporate structure.  When you read articles about corporations,you are likely to come across these terms. I am giving you a general idea only. For a deeper understanding, kindly go through relevant literature.

This is all for now.Rest in the next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

27/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY4

Let us discuss some more terms related to management. There are different forms of business organizations.

A person invests some money, say in a trading activity. He is the sole PROPRIETOR. He owns the business. Any profit or loss occurring in the business will be on his account only. None else would be affected. This type of business organization is called PROPRIETORSHIP. This sort of business organization may not involve huge capital.

What is CAPITAL?

It is the amount of money required to start and run an enterprise. The money needed to run the business is called the WORKING CAPITAL. When one purchases the required goods to start a business,such goods are known as CAPITAL ASSETS. Generally machineries, lands etc are fixed assets. What assets are required for an enterprise depends on the nature of the enterprise. A manufacturing unit may require machineries, lands and labour.

Another type of business organization is PARTNERSHIP. The minimum number of partners would be two. Each partner invests some money in the business. In other words,each has a share in the business. The profit or loss is shared in proportion to their share capital.

COMPANY is another type of business organization. A strict legal definition is available depending on the laws of the particular country. That need not bother us now. A company issues shares. The liability of the shareholders in the event of debts of the company is limited to the number of shares owned by the shareholder. So the company is called a LIMITED COMPANY.

When the shares of a company are sold to public at large,such a company is called a PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY. If the shares are owned by private individuals only,then the company is called a PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY.

In USA, the word CORPORATION denotes a company. Normally, corporations are huge organization. When such corporations function in different countries, they are known as MULTI NATIONAL CORPORATIONS.

In British English, corporation denotes civic or municipal corporations and not a business company.

Another name for a multinational corporation is TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION.

START-UP refers to a company that is just beginning to operate. This term is mostly referred to an Internet company. This word can be used as an adjective also.
START-UP costs,START-UP problems etc.

When the government of a country owns a business enterprise, it is known as PUBLIC ENTERPRISE or STATE ENTERPRISE.

There are also PRIVATE ENTERPRISES AND JOINT ENTERPRISES. Joint ENTERPRISES are owned both by the government and private shareholders.
That is all for today.

Happy learning.

Sayee Jayaraman
26/02/2015

f business organizations.

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY4

Let us discuss some more terms related to management. There are different forms of business organizations.

A person invests some money, say in a trading activity. He is the sole PROPRIETOR. He owns the business. Any profit or loss occurring in the business will be on his account only. None else would be affected. This type of business organization is called PROPRIETORSHIP. This sort of business organization may not involve huge capital.

What is CAPITAL?

It is the amount of money required to start and run an enterprise. The money needed to run the business is called the WORKING CAPITAL. When one purchases the required goods to start a business,such goods are known as CAPITAL ASSETS. Generally machineries, lands etc are fixed assets. What assets are required for an enterprise depends on the nature of the enterprise. A manufacturing unit may require machineries, lands and labour.

Another type of business organization is PARTNERSHIP. The minimum number of partners would be two. Each partner invests some money in the business. In other words,each has a share in the business. The profit or loss is shared in proportion to their share capital.

COMPANY is another type of business organization. A strict legal definition is available depending on the laws of the particular country. That need not bother us now. A company issues shares. The liability of the shareholders in the event of debts of the company is limited to the number of shares owned by the shareholder. So the company is called a LIMITED COMPANY.

When the shares of a company are sold to public at large,such a company is called a PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY. If the shares are owned by private individuals only,then the company is called a PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY.

In USA, the word CORPORATION denotes a company. Normally, corporations are huge organization. When such corporations function in different countries, they are known as MULTI NATIONAL CORPORATIONS.

In British English, corporation denotes civic or municipal corporations and not a business company.

Another name for a multinational corporation is TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION.

START-UP refers to a company that is just beginning to operate. This term is mostly referred to an Internet company. This word can be used as an adjective also.
START-UP costs,START-UP problems etc.

When the government of a country owns a business enterprise, it is known as PUBLIC ENTERPRISE or STATE ENTERPRISE.

There are also PRIVATE ENTERPRISES AND JOINT ENTERPRISES. Joint ENTERPRISES are owned both by the government and private shareholders.
That is all for today.

Happy learning.

Sayee Jayaraman
26/02/2015

f business organizations.

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 3 " ENTERPRISE "

A business enterprise needs proper management.  Otherwise it will not be a success. What is an ENTERPRISE?  What are the words associated with an enterprise?  In this note,I will discuss these points .

When something is undertaken for a commercial purpose, it is an enterprise, in a very narrow sense. The word," enterprise " comes from French.  The French verb," entreprendre" means, " to undertake ". Hence, " enterprise " is un undertaking.

A person who takes the initiative to create an ENTERPRISE is called an ENTREPRENEUR. These French words are very commonly used in English language.

An enrerprise is also a PROJECT.  It is a commercial project.  When something is commercial, the prime motive would be profit.

When a government or an N G O

undertakes a PROJECT, the motive may not normally be profit. N G O means a non governmental organization.  For example,Green Peace is an N G O.

VENTURE is another word associated with business. This word comes from the word, " adventure ". When you undertake something involving courage and risk,it is an adventure and when used in the context of busines,it is VENTURE.

RISK is a word associated with any busines.  You are investing not only your money but also your efforts and energy in any busines venture. There is no certainty of  success. Hence busines is a risky undertaking. You may lose everything in the worst possible scenario.

VENTURE CAPITAL is very often used while talking about money to be invested in a commercial venture.  The idea of a risk is very much evident from the words used. Note that a WORKING CAPITAL is different from a venture capital.

Rest in my next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

26/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 2 ( Government / bureaucracy)

Let us continue to learn more words and expressions connected with business and management.

Just as other branches of knowledge, management has also its JARGON. What is a jargon ? Words used in a particular branch of knowledge is called jargon. We have computer jargon and so on. Others not familiar with that subject may find it difficult to understand jargon. In normal conversations, if you use too much of jargon,it may irritate others.

In government, the managers are called, "ADMINISTRATORS". They administer. However the words, " to administer " and " manage " are synonyms. In India, we have the prestigious, " Indian Administrative Service ". They form the backbone of BUREACRACY.  The officers manning the government are also called BUREAUCRATS. Rigid rules are characteristic of any bureacracy. Sometimes the word, " bureaucratic " takes a pejorative connotation. In other words, in a disapproving manner.  Many of the governmental procedures appear to be unnecessary in the eyes of common man. It annoys him. Then he says, " What hassles in renewal of my passport. Now I lost my interest in going abroad."

Max Weber, the German thinker has said a lot about bureacracy. Selecting members of a bureacracy by a tough examination system is a Chinese innovation. Our bureacracy is also called CIVIL SERVICE.Every year,they conduct the civil service examination. Do you know that the Indian Civil Service was known as iron frame.

A powerful civil servant is called, " MANDARIN " . Don't use capital letters.  To highlight new words, I use upper case letters.

" mandarins of the north block "

They are all Indian bureacrats sitting in a building called North Block in New Delhi.

" mandarin collar "is a collar that stands up and fits the neck. The word " mandarin " comes from Chinese.

BUREACRACY comes from the French word " bureau " which means office.

" APPARATCHIK" is a word assimilated into the English language from Russian.  It means the official of a large political organization.   Obviously, the Russian communist party. It is also used in a pejorative sense.

We will continue in the next note. It is already midnight here.

Sayee Jayaraman

26/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY

Many young students like to get a management degree.  Surely, it is a passport to a good career. Management encompasses many many things. It has it's own vocabulary.  

Management is concerned with business.  Getting things done. Can you manage to do this?  Managing a business requires many skills. Management is not simply some bookish knowledge.  Management is application of knowledge to practical life. Of course,there are many theories on management.  But if you can't apply the theories to actual life,you are not a good manager.

When you are a MANAGER, you are a BOSS for persons working under you. You are expected to SUPERVISE those who work under you. You give them GUIDANCE when needed.You should develop

your LEADERSHIP qualities.

You are in COMMAND. As a manager you order your subordinates to do or not to do a thing.

In any organization, there is a HIERARCHY. What does it mean? A series of persons one below the other from the top to the bottom level is hierarchy.  It is also a CHAIN OF COMMAND.

A hierarchy is like a pyramid.  The top of the pyramid is just a point. As you go down, it gets larger. In any business or other type of organization,the CHIEF EXECUTIVE will be at the top of the organization.  As you go down the line,the number of people increases.

The different LEVELS of an organization are known as ECHELONS. The meaning of the word," echelon" is the rung of a ladder. So echelon denotes a level in a hierarchy.

PECKING ORDER indicates the relative importance of people in a hierarchy.  Those at the top are given more importance.

We shall continue in subsequent posts.

Sayee Jayaraman

24/02/2015

SLEEP DISORDERS

When you travel during night in a train,your sleep is sometimes disturbed by the SNORING of some passengers. When you snore,you breathe noisily through the mouth and the nose.

When you are not able to sleep at all for some reason or other, you suffer from INSOMNIA. It is also SLEEPLESSNESS.

APNEA ( APNOEA ) means a condition in which a person stops breathing during sleep.

When you are not able to sleep properly, you are RESTLESS.

Lack of sleep is also called SLEEP DEPRIVATION.

PAROSOMNIA is disruptive sleep disorder.  Nightmares, sleep walking, night terrors confusional arousals are types of PAROSOMNIA.

NIGHTMARE is a dream that is frightening and unpleasant.

NIGHT TERRORS occur in children. They are episodes of intense crying and fear during sleep.

NARCOLEPSY is a condition when one falls into deep sleep in relaxing surroundings.

When you grind your teeth during sleep,you suffer from BRUXISM.

When one feels he or she is awake during sleep but is not able to move his limbs, such a condition is called SLEEP PARALYSIS.

There is a sort of regularity in the bodily activities of human beings in the course of 24 hour / daily cycle. This is called CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. The circadian rhythm can be disturbed for several reasons.  That may also affect a person's sleep.

That is all for today.

Happy learning.

Sayee Jayaraman

23/02/2015

SLEEP AND MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES

SLEEP AND MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES

Sleep is associated with many mythological figures. It is interesting to learn these as many words in English are derived the names of these figures.

HYPNOS

Hypnos is the Greek god of sleep. He lives in a cave. All sorts of plants which induce sleep are around him.There are no doors or gates in his cave. Poppy plant is his symbol. What are the English words derived from " Hypnosis " ?


HYPNOTISM

This is the science of inducing a person to reach a hypnotic state or sleeping state. " HYPNOTIZE" is the verb .

HYPNOSIS

What is hypnosis ?  When you are hypnotized successfully , you are in HYPNOSIS,an unconscious state during which you will obey the commands of the HYPNOTIST.

HYPNOTHERAPY

It means a method of treatment which uses hypnotism to cure physical or emotional problems.

THANATOS

THANATOS  is the half - brother of Hypnos and is the personification of death.

THANATOLOGY is the science of study of death.

" thanatos" is the death instinct in psychoanalysis. Please use lower case for this word.

MORPHEUS

The son of HYPNOS is MORPHEUS . He is the god of dreams.

When you are in the arms of Morpheus, you are asleep.

MORPHINE is a drug given to relieve pain.The drug induces sleep.


SOMNUS

SOMNUS is the Roman god of sleep.

SOMNAMBULISM is a condition in which a person walks while sleeping. It means sleepwalking.

SOMNILOQUENCE is talking during sleep.

SOMNOLENT is an adjective which means almost , " asleep".

After lunch, it is a somnolent period for me.


SOPORIFIC

Soporific means something which induces sleep. A drug can be soporific. A dull lecture may be soporific.


That is all for now.

I'll continue in my next posts.

Happy Learning !

Sayee Jayaraman
22/02/2015






I

amazingvocabulary: SLEEP - EXPRESSIONS

amazingvocabulary: SLEEP - EXPRESSIONS: In this post let us learn some expressions using the word, " sleep". " sleep with" , "  sleep around  ",...

SLEEP - EXPRESSIONS

In this post let us learn some expressions using the word, " sleep".

" sleep with" ," sleep around ", " sleep together " - all the above expresions have sexual connotations.  

English learners should be very careful with the use of prepositions after a verb. With a verb like " sleep" ,if you use wrong prepositions, you had it. You will make a fool of yourself. You may say something not intended by you.

" sleep like a log"

This is a nice idiom. When you are very tired,you sleep like a log.

That means you sleep soundly.

" to sleep on it"

When you don't want to decide an issue immediately or in a hurry, you sleep on it. Perhaps, you may give the decision tomorrow.  You have time to deliberate and take a correct decision.

I had to solve a tough problem in maths. I slept on it. Lo! I could solve it in a trice the next day.

" Not to lose sleep over something"

The above expresion means " not to worry too much over an issue"

John,please complete the job by tomorrow evening.  But don't lose your sleep over it as you have plenty of time.

" Let sleeping dogs lie"

When we don't want to reopen some past problems which were unpleasant and troublesome, we use the above expresions.

Peter, my cousin John is visiting us today. Please don't discuss with him his earlier relationship with Jane. Let sleeping dogs lie.

" Sleeping Partner"

In a business partnership,if a partner is not involved in the daily affairs of the business,then such a partner is known as sleeping partner.

My wife has invested considerable amount in my business.  But she is a sleeping partner only.

" Could do something in one's sleep "

The above expresion means that the work to be done is easy as the concerned person has sufficient expertise and skill to do the job easily.

Give Ramanujan a tough problem in number theory. He could do it in his sleep.

" to sleep out"

The expresion means that one sleeps in a place other than his home. In the case of domestic help, it means that she sleeps in a place other than her place of work.

I have lots of work to do.   I may even have to sleep out for a day or two.

" put to sleep "

The above expresion means killing an animal gently for various reasons.

Municipal authorities put to sleep nearly 100 stray dogs last month.

That is all for now.

Happy learning!

Sayee Jayaraman

21/02/2015

SLEEP 1

We spend nearly one third of our lives in SLEEP.  In this post,let us reflect on the words and expressions associated with sleep in the English language.

When you are not sleeping, you are AWAKE. When you are awake, you are conscious of your surroundings.  You are aware of what is happening around you.

When you are having sound sleep,you are not aware of what is happening around you. Sleep can be described as DEEP SLEEP or DISTURBED SLEEP.

There is an acronym associated with sleep. It is REM.

REM means Rapid Eye Movement. Before we fall asleep,we have rapid eye movement.  When children fall asleep, one can notice rapid eye movements.

During sleep,we DREAM.  In dream, we experience things as in real life. But once you wake up,the dream vanishes.  So dream has no reality.

When somebody lives in a DREAM WORLD,what the person believes to be true has no basis in reality.

There is a belief that our dreams have significance.  So people start interpreting dreams.  Dr. Sigmund Freud is well-know for his interpretation of dreams.  Each culture has its own way of interpreting dreams.

Some people think that dreams PORTEND something which will happen in future.

When you have a great desire to achieve something in life,you say," I HAVE A DREAM". When you are successful in achieving what you desired,you say," I have realized my dream."

Sometimes we sleep in the daytime,especially after lunch for a short period. It is called NAP.This word can be used both as a noun and verb. It is said that a short nap has beneficial effects on one's health. There is an expression," He was caught napping " . It means that the person was inattentive.

SLUMBER is a synonym for sleep. This word can be used both as a noun and as a verb. Remember, it is a literary word.

He is in deep slumber.  It means that he is asleep.

While listening to a lecture in which you are not much interested,you start DOZING.  Doze is a light sleep.

You SNOOZE sometimes in your sofa.  SNOOZE is also a light sleep, not on your bed.

Another synonym for light sleep is DROWSE.

CATNAP is another word for a short sleep. This word can be used both as  a verb and as a noun.

If you have a tendency to sleep unusually for a long time,then you are LETHARGIC. The noun is LETHARGY.  It means laziness.

When something is not active,we use the word " DORMANT ".

This word comes from the French word comes" Dormir " which means " to sleep".

When a person faints,he or she is temporarily unconscious. There may be many reasons for fainting. The more serious condition is COMA.  Coma is a state in which the person is unconscious for a very long time and needs medical help for restoring normalcy.The reasons for Coma may be injury to the brain.

I shall continue this subject in my subsequent posts.

Sayee Jayaraman

19/02/2015

HEALTH & MEDICAL VOCABULARY 5

Let us talk more of health and medicine.

There is an old saying,

A sound mind in a sound body.

Here " sound" means " in a good condition ".

When the body is in a good condition, the mind also will be good. No one can have any other view. Even a slight headache can be annoying.

Health is also physical well-being.

We use the term mental health often. There are many terms associated with mental health. You say, " I am not in a good mood today ". You may be worried over something.

Sometimes, a person is depressed.  What does it mean? When one is sad and without hope, the person is said to be depressed. He or she suffers from depression. DEPRESSION is a medical condition related to mental health. Several things may cause depression in persons. A chronic disease,financial insecurity, uneasy relationships,setbacks in career etc may trigger depression. A person suffering from depression may consult a PSYCHIATRIST.

Who is a PSYCHIATRIST? A doctor who treats mental illness is know as Psychiatrist. The branch of medicine dealing with mental illness is known as PSYCHIATRY.

A related term is ANALYSIS.

What does it mean in the context of psychiatry? Analysis is also known as PSYCHOANALYSIS.

It is a method of treating mental illness by asking the patient to talk about his past experiences. By this the PSYCHOANALYST attempts to resolve the patient' s problems which trouble him or her.

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis.

Mental illness can be cured by drugs also. There are certain drugs known as ANTI-DEPRESSANTS. These drugs are used to treat depression . When you suffer from excessive anxiety, doctors may prescribe TRANQUILIZERS for you. They are drugs used to treat anxiety. They make your mind calm and you sleep.

There are certain substances and drugs which may change your mood. They are known as MOOD- ALTERING SUBSTANCES OR DRUGS.

When a mental illness is treated only by psychoanalysis and not by drugs, the method of treatment is known as PSYCHOTHERAPY.

Patients with mental illness may see or hear things which do not exist. They HALLUCINATE. Such a phenomenon is called," HALLUCINATION". Certain drugs produce hallucination. They are called," HALLUCINOGENS ". One such drug is LSD.Another word for such drugs is PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS.

When a disease is caused due to a mental condition, it is known as a PSYCHOSOMATIC DISEASE.

A serious mental condition affecting a person' s entire personality is called PSYCHOSIS.

Treating mental illness by asking patients to act events from their past experiences is known as PSYCHODRAMA.

We shall continue in the next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

18/02/2015

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Sayee Jayaraman 
14/02/2015

HEALTH / MEDICAL VOCABULARY 4

In this post,let us discuss the various symptoms which a patient can have and tell his doctor at the time of consultation.

I have VOMITTING sensation.

I have a THROBBING HEADACHE .

My fingers are NUMB . That means, you have no sensation.

I have a DULL HEADACHE .

I have pain while SWALLOWING .

I have pain in my THROAT.

I have DIARRHEA . That means you pass stools very frequently . In that case, you will also suffer from DEHYDRATION ,

I feel thirsty frequently.

I have pain while passing urine.

I have burning sensation while passing urine.

While walking , I feel pain in my heels.

I have CONSTIPATION . That means, you are not able to pass stools with the normal frequency.

I have breathing problem. I am having severe ASTHMA. Remember , an asthma patient experiences breathing problem.

I cough continuously.  There is lot of PHLEGM. It is the mucous discharge when you spit.

My gums are bleeding.

I have severe TOOTH ACHE. I have to consult a DENTIST.

I have a CAVITY in one of my teeth. It needs filling.

Two of my teeth have to be extracted.

I have RASHES all over the body. Rashes are read spots on the skin of a person.

I am allergic to egg plant.

Are you ALLERGIC to any antibiotics ?

My eyes are always watery.

There is big swelling of my right knee.

I have injured my shoulder while playing.

I have a severe cut on my thumb which happened while cutting the vegetables.

I have ITCHING sensation all over my body. When you have itching sensation, you have an unpleasant sensation on your skin and you get little relief by scratching .

I have NAUSEA . It means VOMITTING sensation.

I am not able to move my hands. I have severe pain in my right shoulder.

That is all for now.

We shall continue in the next post.

Sayee Jayaraman
9/02/2015

HEALTH/MEDICAL VOCABULARY 3

Shall we continue with our medical and health vocabulary?

When the kidney of a person fails totally, he/ she undergoes DIALYSIS. The patient is connected to a machine which performs the function of a kidney.

The procedure is also known as HAEMODIALYSIS.

Many people suffer from CANCER. What is cancer? If the cells of any part of the body increase or proliferate without any limit,it is a CANCEROUS CONDITION. Cancer can affect any part of the body. It is said that cancer is curable if detected early. When there is any abnormal growth in any part of the body,it is better to get examined to rule out cancer. There are two types of growth.  One is BENIGN.  The other is MALIGNANT. When it is benign, the cancer may not spread to other parts of the body. But in the case of malignant cancer, the cancer is likely to spread anywhere.  A cancer specialist is know as ONCOLOGIST.

Nowadays body SCAN is a widely practised medical procedure. In any type of scan,an image of the body part is obtained and the specialist can interpret the image for an accurate DIAGNOSIS.  XRAYS are the oldest imaging technique.   Now,many other procedures are available. PET,CAT,MRI and so on.

PET -- Positron Emission Topography

CAT- Computerized Axial Topography

MRI --- Magnetic Resonance Imaging

TOPOGRAPHY means cross section image.

Please go to Wikipedia,if you want more information.

I shall continue in my next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

08/02/2015