MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 7 TAXATION

Today all were glued to their tv to watch the Indian Finance Minister present the Union Budget. It was rather a long speech. You should have patience to sit through the entire budget speech.

What is a BUDGET?

In layman' s language, budget is a statement of your income and expenditure. Also the details of them. Your budget is for your family. But the Finance Minister budgets for the entire country.

Normally we are all interested to know how the budget is going to affect our lives. In every budget, one expects change in taxation rates. If TAX RATE goes up,it affects you adversely. You end up paying more. When the TAX RATE is reduced,you feel happy. Why? You pay less tax.

In this post let us discuss words relating to taxation. Generally TAX is levied by the government. Remember, only government can impose a tax on the citizen of a country. The power to levy tax vests with the government. This power is called a SOVEREIGN POWER. Note  that when the municipal corporation levies tax on you,it is supposed to be part of government. Power to levy tax is conferred on a body by law.

No tax can be collected without an authority of law.

What are the various types of taxes?

Taxes can broadly be categorized in two ways.

1.DIRECT TAX

2. INDIRECT TAX

INCOME TAX AND CORPORATE TAX are examples of direct taxes.
When the INCIDENCE and IMPACT of a tax are on the same person, the tax is said to be a DIRECT TAX.

CUSTOMS AND EXCISE DUTIES are examples of INDIRECT TAXES.When the incidence and impact of a tax are on different persons, the tax is called an INDIRECT TAX.

Now I have to explain the terms INCIDENCE AND IMPACT.

INCIDENCE refers to a person who by law is responsible to pay the relevant tax. A tax on the income of a person is to be paid by the person who earns the income. So the tax is incident on you when you earn money.

IMPACT refers to a person who feels or experiences the burden of the tax. In the case of income tax, you can easily see that the impact is on the person earning the income.

Therefore income TAX is a DIRECT TAX.

As regards excise duty,the liability in India is on the manufacturer of goods. While removing the manufactured good from his factory, the manufacturer is responsible to pay the tax to the government.
So the Incidence of the tax is on the manufacturer of goods.

Though the manufacturer pays the tax at the time of clearance of the goods from the factory,he later collects the tax paid from the persons to whom he sells the goods. Therefore,the impact is on the consumer.

Since the Incidence and impact are on different persons for excise duty,it is an INDIRECT TAX.

DUTY is another word for tax. But this term is generally used for customs and excise.

CUSTOMS DUTY Is levied on the goods imported and exported at the time of entry into a country or of taking out from the country.Or

Tax is collected at a particular stage. That stage is called a TAXABLE EVENT.

In the case of manufactured goods,the taxable event is the time of clearance from the factory in INDIA.

A tax on the income of a company is called CORPORATE TAX.

The legal term to refer to a person' s responsibility is known as LIABILITY.

Generally a government gets its money by taxing people. It is an income for the government. Another word for the income of a country is REVENUE.

That is all for today. We will learn more words relating to taxation in the next post.

Happy learning

SAYEE Jayaraman
28/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 6 MEETING

MEETINGS

Meeting others is just a part of our day-to-day living. Only a hermit sits in silence shunning the company of lesser mortals like me and you. For several purposes,we have to meet others. But here, I like to deal with formal meetings. Ok?

MEETING, in the context of organizations, is the coming together of a number of persons for a specific purpose.

A Manager can not afford to waste time. For that matter,none can afford it. Even me and you. When somebody gives me an appointment at 10 am and does not turn up, I get wild.

TIME OF A MEETING

Every meeting commences at a particular time. No vagueness about it. The general body meeting of our housing society will commence at 11 am.

PLACE

Every meeting has to take place at a specified place. It is called VENUE.  Venue actually means a place where an event takes place. One talks of the venue of a birthday party or wedding and so on. So there is a venue for a formal meeting.

AGENDA

Every formal meeting will have an AGENDA.  What is it is? The list of points to be discussed in the meeting is called AGENDA. Even before the meeting takes place, the agenda is circulated to the participants of the meeting. The idea is that the participants know beforehand what issues are to be discussed in the meeting. Otherwise, there will be waste of time.

How a meeting is conducted?

Every formal meeting will be presided over by a person. So there is a PRESIDENT for every formal meeting. He chairs the meeting. The secretary in charge welcomes the participants. He requests the President to preside over and conduct the meeting. The President conducts the meeting keeping in mind the agenda. One by one, the points are discussed. The participants are allowed to express their views on the points in the agenda. If all the participants agree on a course of action,we say that there is total consensus on that point. Otherwise there will be discussion.After eliciting the views of the majority,a decision will be taken. Remember, democratic process is important.

There may be voting to find out the majority view. One member or participant may request the President to record his dissent.  Dissent means he is not agreeing with the majority view.

MINUTES OF A MEETING

The proceedings of a meeting are recorded. Such a record is called MINUTES. " to minute " is a verb.  It means " to record". A dissenting note is also minuted. After the minutes are prepared, they are circulated among the members for approval.  The minutes are forwarded by the concerned person to all who are concerned with the implementation of the decisions taken.

I have given you a very broad idea of how a meeting is conducted. Hope you find this useful. My intention is that you should have a very clear idea of the terms used in connection with any meeting.

That is all for now.

Rest in my next post.

T K Jayaraman

27/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 5 CORPORATE HIERARCHY

Who are all the people connected with an enterprise/ company / corporation? Let us learn the various words used to describe them.

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER is the highest ranking officer in a company. (CEO)

PRESIDENT is second in command.

BOARD OF DIRECTORS lays down policy issues of a company.

Some of the DIRECTORS are the senior officers of the company.

Rest of the directors are independent of the company.

The DIRECTORS of a company are elected by the SHAREHOLDERS.

PRESIDENTS often hold the post of CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER IN( COO ).

COO looks after the day to day operations of the company. He executes the policy laid down by the BOARD OF DIRECTORS. He reports to the Board and the Board reports back to the SHAREHOLDERS.

Shareholders are supposed to be the ultimate owners of a company.

VICE PRESIDENT reports to the president. Each vice president is given an area of responsibility.Finance, Human resources, Marketing etc.

In U K,the president is equivalent to Managing Director.

Vice President will be called DEPUTY MANAGING DIRECTOR.Other officers are directors, deputy directors etc.

I hope you now got an idea of the corporate structure.  When you read articles about corporations,you are likely to come across these terms. I am giving you a general idea only. For a deeper understanding, kindly go through relevant literature.

This is all for now.Rest in the next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

27/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY4

Let us discuss some more terms related to management. There are different forms of business organizations.

A person invests some money, say in a trading activity. He is the sole PROPRIETOR. He owns the business. Any profit or loss occurring in the business will be on his account only. None else would be affected. This type of business organization is called PROPRIETORSHIP. This sort of business organization may not involve huge capital.

What is CAPITAL?

It is the amount of money required to start and run an enterprise. The money needed to run the business is called the WORKING CAPITAL. When one purchases the required goods to start a business,such goods are known as CAPITAL ASSETS. Generally machineries, lands etc are fixed assets. What assets are required for an enterprise depends on the nature of the enterprise. A manufacturing unit may require machineries, lands and labour.

Another type of business organization is PARTNERSHIP. The minimum number of partners would be two. Each partner invests some money in the business. In other words,each has a share in the business. The profit or loss is shared in proportion to their share capital.

COMPANY is another type of business organization. A strict legal definition is available depending on the laws of the particular country. That need not bother us now. A company issues shares. The liability of the shareholders in the event of debts of the company is limited to the number of shares owned by the shareholder. So the company is called a LIMITED COMPANY.

When the shares of a company are sold to public at large,such a company is called a PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY. If the shares are owned by private individuals only,then the company is called a PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY.

In USA, the word CORPORATION denotes a company. Normally, corporations are huge organization. When such corporations function in different countries, they are known as MULTI NATIONAL CORPORATIONS.

In British English, corporation denotes civic or municipal corporations and not a business company.

Another name for a multinational corporation is TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION.

START-UP refers to a company that is just beginning to operate. This term is mostly referred to an Internet company. This word can be used as an adjective also.
START-UP costs,START-UP problems etc.

When the government of a country owns a business enterprise, it is known as PUBLIC ENTERPRISE or STATE ENTERPRISE.

There are also PRIVATE ENTERPRISES AND JOINT ENTERPRISES. Joint ENTERPRISES are owned both by the government and private shareholders.
That is all for today.

Happy learning.

Sayee Jayaraman
26/02/2015

f business organizations.

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY4

Let us discuss some more terms related to management. There are different forms of business organizations.

A person invests some money, say in a trading activity. He is the sole PROPRIETOR. He owns the business. Any profit or loss occurring in the business will be on his account only. None else would be affected. This type of business organization is called PROPRIETORSHIP. This sort of business organization may not involve huge capital.

What is CAPITAL?

It is the amount of money required to start and run an enterprise. The money needed to run the business is called the WORKING CAPITAL. When one purchases the required goods to start a business,such goods are known as CAPITAL ASSETS. Generally machineries, lands etc are fixed assets. What assets are required for an enterprise depends on the nature of the enterprise. A manufacturing unit may require machineries, lands and labour.

Another type of business organization is PARTNERSHIP. The minimum number of partners would be two. Each partner invests some money in the business. In other words,each has a share in the business. The profit or loss is shared in proportion to their share capital.

COMPANY is another type of business organization. A strict legal definition is available depending on the laws of the particular country. That need not bother us now. A company issues shares. The liability of the shareholders in the event of debts of the company is limited to the number of shares owned by the shareholder. So the company is called a LIMITED COMPANY.

When the shares of a company are sold to public at large,such a company is called a PUBLIC LIMITED COMPANY. If the shares are owned by private individuals only,then the company is called a PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY.

In USA, the word CORPORATION denotes a company. Normally, corporations are huge organization. When such corporations function in different countries, they are known as MULTI NATIONAL CORPORATIONS.

In British English, corporation denotes civic or municipal corporations and not a business company.

Another name for a multinational corporation is TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATION.

START-UP refers to a company that is just beginning to operate. This term is mostly referred to an Internet company. This word can be used as an adjective also.
START-UP costs,START-UP problems etc.

When the government of a country owns a business enterprise, it is known as PUBLIC ENTERPRISE or STATE ENTERPRISE.

There are also PRIVATE ENTERPRISES AND JOINT ENTERPRISES. Joint ENTERPRISES are owned both by the government and private shareholders.
That is all for today.

Happy learning.

Sayee Jayaraman
26/02/2015

f business organizations.

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 3 " ENTERPRISE "

A business enterprise needs proper management.  Otherwise it will not be a success. What is an ENTERPRISE?  What are the words associated with an enterprise?  In this note,I will discuss these points .

When something is undertaken for a commercial purpose, it is an enterprise, in a very narrow sense. The word," enterprise " comes from French.  The French verb," entreprendre" means, " to undertake ". Hence, " enterprise " is un undertaking.

A person who takes the initiative to create an ENTERPRISE is called an ENTREPRENEUR. These French words are very commonly used in English language.

An enrerprise is also a PROJECT.  It is a commercial project.  When something is commercial, the prime motive would be profit.

When a government or an N G O

undertakes a PROJECT, the motive may not normally be profit. N G O means a non governmental organization.  For example,Green Peace is an N G O.

VENTURE is another word associated with business. This word comes from the word, " adventure ". When you undertake something involving courage and risk,it is an adventure and when used in the context of busines,it is VENTURE.

RISK is a word associated with any busines.  You are investing not only your money but also your efforts and energy in any busines venture. There is no certainty of  success. Hence busines is a risky undertaking. You may lose everything in the worst possible scenario.

VENTURE CAPITAL is very often used while talking about money to be invested in a commercial venture.  The idea of a risk is very much evident from the words used. Note that a WORKING CAPITAL is different from a venture capital.

Rest in my next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

26/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY 2 ( Government / bureaucracy)

Let us continue to learn more words and expressions connected with business and management.

Just as other branches of knowledge, management has also its JARGON. What is a jargon ? Words used in a particular branch of knowledge is called jargon. We have computer jargon and so on. Others not familiar with that subject may find it difficult to understand jargon. In normal conversations, if you use too much of jargon,it may irritate others.

In government, the managers are called, "ADMINISTRATORS". They administer. However the words, " to administer " and " manage " are synonyms. In India, we have the prestigious, " Indian Administrative Service ". They form the backbone of BUREACRACY.  The officers manning the government are also called BUREAUCRATS. Rigid rules are characteristic of any bureacracy. Sometimes the word, " bureaucratic " takes a pejorative connotation. In other words, in a disapproving manner.  Many of the governmental procedures appear to be unnecessary in the eyes of common man. It annoys him. Then he says, " What hassles in renewal of my passport. Now I lost my interest in going abroad."

Max Weber, the German thinker has said a lot about bureacracy. Selecting members of a bureacracy by a tough examination system is a Chinese innovation. Our bureacracy is also called CIVIL SERVICE.Every year,they conduct the civil service examination. Do you know that the Indian Civil Service was known as iron frame.

A powerful civil servant is called, " MANDARIN " . Don't use capital letters.  To highlight new words, I use upper case letters.

" mandarins of the north block "

They are all Indian bureacrats sitting in a building called North Block in New Delhi.

" mandarin collar "is a collar that stands up and fits the neck. The word " mandarin " comes from Chinese.

BUREACRACY comes from the French word " bureau " which means office.

" APPARATCHIK" is a word assimilated into the English language from Russian.  It means the official of a large political organization.   Obviously, the Russian communist party. It is also used in a pejorative sense.

We will continue in the next note. It is already midnight here.

Sayee Jayaraman

26/02/2015

MANAGEMENT VOCABULARY

Many young students like to get a management degree.  Surely, it is a passport to a good career. Management encompasses many many things. It has it's own vocabulary.  

Management is concerned with business.  Getting things done. Can you manage to do this?  Managing a business requires many skills. Management is not simply some bookish knowledge.  Management is application of knowledge to practical life. Of course,there are many theories on management.  But if you can't apply the theories to actual life,you are not a good manager.

When you are a MANAGER, you are a BOSS for persons working under you. You are expected to SUPERVISE those who work under you. You give them GUIDANCE when needed.You should develop

your LEADERSHIP qualities.

You are in COMMAND. As a manager you order your subordinates to do or not to do a thing.

In any organization, there is a HIERARCHY. What does it mean? A series of persons one below the other from the top to the bottom level is hierarchy.  It is also a CHAIN OF COMMAND.

A hierarchy is like a pyramid.  The top of the pyramid is just a point. As you go down, it gets larger. In any business or other type of organization,the CHIEF EXECUTIVE will be at the top of the organization.  As you go down the line,the number of people increases.

The different LEVELS of an organization are known as ECHELONS. The meaning of the word," echelon" is the rung of a ladder. So echelon denotes a level in a hierarchy.

PECKING ORDER indicates the relative importance of people in a hierarchy.  Those at the top are given more importance.

We shall continue in subsequent posts.

Sayee Jayaraman

24/02/2015

SLEEP DISORDERS

When you travel during night in a train,your sleep is sometimes disturbed by the SNORING of some passengers. When you snore,you breathe noisily through the mouth and the nose.

When you are not able to sleep at all for some reason or other, you suffer from INSOMNIA. It is also SLEEPLESSNESS.

APNEA ( APNOEA ) means a condition in which a person stops breathing during sleep.

When you are not able to sleep properly, you are RESTLESS.

Lack of sleep is also called SLEEP DEPRIVATION.

PAROSOMNIA is disruptive sleep disorder.  Nightmares, sleep walking, night terrors confusional arousals are types of PAROSOMNIA.

NIGHTMARE is a dream that is frightening and unpleasant.

NIGHT TERRORS occur in children. They are episodes of intense crying and fear during sleep.

NARCOLEPSY is a condition when one falls into deep sleep in relaxing surroundings.

When you grind your teeth during sleep,you suffer from BRUXISM.

When one feels he or she is awake during sleep but is not able to move his limbs, such a condition is called SLEEP PARALYSIS.

There is a sort of regularity in the bodily activities of human beings in the course of 24 hour / daily cycle. This is called CIRCADIAN RHYTHM. The circadian rhythm can be disturbed for several reasons.  That may also affect a person's sleep.

That is all for today.

Happy learning.

Sayee Jayaraman

23/02/2015

SLEEP AND MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES

SLEEP AND MYTHOLOGICAL FIGURES

Sleep is associated with many mythological figures. It is interesting to learn these as many words in English are derived the names of these figures.

HYPNOS

Hypnos is the Greek god of sleep. He lives in a cave. All sorts of plants which induce sleep are around him.There are no doors or gates in his cave. Poppy plant is his symbol. What are the English words derived from " Hypnosis " ?


HYPNOTISM

This is the science of inducing a person to reach a hypnotic state or sleeping state. " HYPNOTIZE" is the verb .

HYPNOSIS

What is hypnosis ?  When you are hypnotized successfully , you are in HYPNOSIS,an unconscious state during which you will obey the commands of the HYPNOTIST.

HYPNOTHERAPY

It means a method of treatment which uses hypnotism to cure physical or emotional problems.

THANATOS

THANATOS  is the half - brother of Hypnos and is the personification of death.

THANATOLOGY is the science of study of death.

" thanatos" is the death instinct in psychoanalysis. Please use lower case for this word.

MORPHEUS

The son of HYPNOS is MORPHEUS . He is the god of dreams.

When you are in the arms of Morpheus, you are asleep.

MORPHINE is a drug given to relieve pain.The drug induces sleep.


SOMNUS

SOMNUS is the Roman god of sleep.

SOMNAMBULISM is a condition in which a person walks while sleeping. It means sleepwalking.

SOMNILOQUENCE is talking during sleep.

SOMNOLENT is an adjective which means almost , " asleep".

After lunch, it is a somnolent period for me.


SOPORIFIC

Soporific means something which induces sleep. A drug can be soporific. A dull lecture may be soporific.


That is all for now.

I'll continue in my next posts.

Happy Learning !

Sayee Jayaraman
22/02/2015






I

amazingvocabulary: SLEEP - EXPRESSIONS

amazingvocabulary: SLEEP - EXPRESSIONS: In this post let us learn some expressions using the word, " sleep". " sleep with" , "  sleep around  ",...

SLEEP - EXPRESSIONS

In this post let us learn some expressions using the word, " sleep".

" sleep with" ," sleep around ", " sleep together " - all the above expresions have sexual connotations.  

English learners should be very careful with the use of prepositions after a verb. With a verb like " sleep" ,if you use wrong prepositions, you had it. You will make a fool of yourself. You may say something not intended by you.

" sleep like a log"

This is a nice idiom. When you are very tired,you sleep like a log.

That means you sleep soundly.

" to sleep on it"

When you don't want to decide an issue immediately or in a hurry, you sleep on it. Perhaps, you may give the decision tomorrow.  You have time to deliberate and take a correct decision.

I had to solve a tough problem in maths. I slept on it. Lo! I could solve it in a trice the next day.

" Not to lose sleep over something"

The above expresion means " not to worry too much over an issue"

John,please complete the job by tomorrow evening.  But don't lose your sleep over it as you have plenty of time.

" Let sleeping dogs lie"

When we don't want to reopen some past problems which were unpleasant and troublesome, we use the above expresions.

Peter, my cousin John is visiting us today. Please don't discuss with him his earlier relationship with Jane. Let sleeping dogs lie.

" Sleeping Partner"

In a business partnership,if a partner is not involved in the daily affairs of the business,then such a partner is known as sleeping partner.

My wife has invested considerable amount in my business.  But she is a sleeping partner only.

" Could do something in one's sleep "

The above expresion means that the work to be done is easy as the concerned person has sufficient expertise and skill to do the job easily.

Give Ramanujan a tough problem in number theory. He could do it in his sleep.

" to sleep out"

The expresion means that one sleeps in a place other than his home. In the case of domestic help, it means that she sleeps in a place other than her place of work.

I have lots of work to do.   I may even have to sleep out for a day or two.

" put to sleep "

The above expresion means killing an animal gently for various reasons.

Municipal authorities put to sleep nearly 100 stray dogs last month.

That is all for now.

Happy learning!

Sayee Jayaraman

21/02/2015

SLEEP 1

We spend nearly one third of our lives in SLEEP.  In this post,let us reflect on the words and expressions associated with sleep in the English language.

When you are not sleeping, you are AWAKE. When you are awake, you are conscious of your surroundings.  You are aware of what is happening around you.

When you are having sound sleep,you are not aware of what is happening around you. Sleep can be described as DEEP SLEEP or DISTURBED SLEEP.

There is an acronym associated with sleep. It is REM.

REM means Rapid Eye Movement. Before we fall asleep,we have rapid eye movement.  When children fall asleep, one can notice rapid eye movements.

During sleep,we DREAM.  In dream, we experience things as in real life. But once you wake up,the dream vanishes.  So dream has no reality.

When somebody lives in a DREAM WORLD,what the person believes to be true has no basis in reality.

There is a belief that our dreams have significance.  So people start interpreting dreams.  Dr. Sigmund Freud is well-know for his interpretation of dreams.  Each culture has its own way of interpreting dreams.

Some people think that dreams PORTEND something which will happen in future.

When you have a great desire to achieve something in life,you say," I HAVE A DREAM". When you are successful in achieving what you desired,you say," I have realized my dream."

Sometimes we sleep in the daytime,especially after lunch for a short period. It is called NAP.This word can be used both as a noun and verb. It is said that a short nap has beneficial effects on one's health. There is an expression," He was caught napping " . It means that the person was inattentive.

SLUMBER is a synonym for sleep. This word can be used both as a noun and as a verb. Remember, it is a literary word.

He is in deep slumber.  It means that he is asleep.

While listening to a lecture in which you are not much interested,you start DOZING.  Doze is a light sleep.

You SNOOZE sometimes in your sofa.  SNOOZE is also a light sleep, not on your bed.

Another synonym for light sleep is DROWSE.

CATNAP is another word for a short sleep. This word can be used both as  a verb and as a noun.

If you have a tendency to sleep unusually for a long time,then you are LETHARGIC. The noun is LETHARGY.  It means laziness.

When something is not active,we use the word " DORMANT ".

This word comes from the French word comes" Dormir " which means " to sleep".

When a person faints,he or she is temporarily unconscious. There may be many reasons for fainting. The more serious condition is COMA.  Coma is a state in which the person is unconscious for a very long time and needs medical help for restoring normalcy.The reasons for Coma may be injury to the brain.

I shall continue this subject in my subsequent posts.

Sayee Jayaraman

19/02/2015

HEALTH & MEDICAL VOCABULARY 5

Let us talk more of health and medicine.

There is an old saying,

A sound mind in a sound body.

Here " sound" means " in a good condition ".

When the body is in a good condition, the mind also will be good. No one can have any other view. Even a slight headache can be annoying.

Health is also physical well-being.

We use the term mental health often. There are many terms associated with mental health. You say, " I am not in a good mood today ". You may be worried over something.

Sometimes, a person is depressed.  What does it mean? When one is sad and without hope, the person is said to be depressed. He or she suffers from depression. DEPRESSION is a medical condition related to mental health. Several things may cause depression in persons. A chronic disease,financial insecurity, uneasy relationships,setbacks in career etc may trigger depression. A person suffering from depression may consult a PSYCHIATRIST.

Who is a PSYCHIATRIST? A doctor who treats mental illness is know as Psychiatrist. The branch of medicine dealing with mental illness is known as PSYCHIATRY.

A related term is ANALYSIS.

What does it mean in the context of psychiatry? Analysis is also known as PSYCHOANALYSIS.

It is a method of treating mental illness by asking the patient to talk about his past experiences. By this the PSYCHOANALYST attempts to resolve the patient' s problems which trouble him or her.

Sigmund Freud is the father of psychoanalysis.

Mental illness can be cured by drugs also. There are certain drugs known as ANTI-DEPRESSANTS. These drugs are used to treat depression . When you suffer from excessive anxiety, doctors may prescribe TRANQUILIZERS for you. They are drugs used to treat anxiety. They make your mind calm and you sleep.

There are certain substances and drugs which may change your mood. They are known as MOOD- ALTERING SUBSTANCES OR DRUGS.

When a mental illness is treated only by psychoanalysis and not by drugs, the method of treatment is known as PSYCHOTHERAPY.

Patients with mental illness may see or hear things which do not exist. They HALLUCINATE. Such a phenomenon is called," HALLUCINATION". Certain drugs produce hallucination. They are called," HALLUCINOGENS ". One such drug is LSD.Another word for such drugs is PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS.

When a disease is caused due to a mental condition, it is known as a PSYCHOSOMATIC DISEASE.

A serious mental condition affecting a person' s entire personality is called PSYCHOSIS.

Treating mental illness by asking patients to act events from their past experiences is known as PSYCHODRAMA.

We shall continue in the next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

18/02/2015

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Sayee Jayaraman 
14/02/2015

HEALTH / MEDICAL VOCABULARY 4

In this post,let us discuss the various symptoms which a patient can have and tell his doctor at the time of consultation.

I have VOMITTING sensation.

I have a THROBBING HEADACHE .

My fingers are NUMB . That means, you have no sensation.

I have a DULL HEADACHE .

I have pain while SWALLOWING .

I have pain in my THROAT.

I have DIARRHEA . That means you pass stools very frequently . In that case, you will also suffer from DEHYDRATION ,

I feel thirsty frequently.

I have pain while passing urine.

I have burning sensation while passing urine.

While walking , I feel pain in my heels.

I have CONSTIPATION . That means, you are not able to pass stools with the normal frequency.

I have breathing problem. I am having severe ASTHMA. Remember , an asthma patient experiences breathing problem.

I cough continuously.  There is lot of PHLEGM. It is the mucous discharge when you spit.

My gums are bleeding.

I have severe TOOTH ACHE. I have to consult a DENTIST.

I have a CAVITY in one of my teeth. It needs filling.

Two of my teeth have to be extracted.

I have RASHES all over the body. Rashes are read spots on the skin of a person.

I am allergic to egg plant.

Are you ALLERGIC to any antibiotics ?

My eyes are always watery.

There is big swelling of my right knee.

I have injured my shoulder while playing.

I have a severe cut on my thumb which happened while cutting the vegetables.

I have ITCHING sensation all over my body. When you have itching sensation, you have an unpleasant sensation on your skin and you get little relief by scratching .

I have NAUSEA . It means VOMITTING sensation.

I am not able to move my hands. I have severe pain in my right shoulder.

That is all for now.

We shall continue in the next post.

Sayee Jayaraman
9/02/2015

HEALTH/MEDICAL VOCABULARY 3

Shall we continue with our medical and health vocabulary?

When the kidney of a person fails totally, he/ she undergoes DIALYSIS. The patient is connected to a machine which performs the function of a kidney.

The procedure is also known as HAEMODIALYSIS.

Many people suffer from CANCER. What is cancer? If the cells of any part of the body increase or proliferate without any limit,it is a CANCEROUS CONDITION. Cancer can affect any part of the body. It is said that cancer is curable if detected early. When there is any abnormal growth in any part of the body,it is better to get examined to rule out cancer. There are two types of growth.  One is BENIGN.  The other is MALIGNANT. When it is benign, the cancer may not spread to other parts of the body. But in the case of malignant cancer, the cancer is likely to spread anywhere.  A cancer specialist is know as ONCOLOGIST.

Nowadays body SCAN is a widely practised medical procedure. In any type of scan,an image of the body part is obtained and the specialist can interpret the image for an accurate DIAGNOSIS.  XRAYS are the oldest imaging technique.   Now,many other procedures are available. PET,CAT,MRI and so on.

PET -- Positron Emission Topography

CAT- Computerized Axial Topography

MRI --- Magnetic Resonance Imaging

TOPOGRAPHY means cross section image.

Please go to Wikipedia,if you want more information.

I shall continue in my next post.

Sayee Jayaraman

08/02/2015

HEALTH / MEDICAL VOCABULARY 2

 I am continuing my discussion on health and medical words. Health is wealth. It is a popular saying. A sound mind in a sound body . This is another saying.

In the previous post, we dealt with terms relating to HEART. Heart is like a pump. It keeps on pumping out blood to various organs of the body. In fact, it sends impure blood to lungs, receives pure blood from the lungs after purification process and pumps out pure blood to all cells of the body. This goes on till the end of one's life. Heart has four chambers. The upper chambers are known as AURICLES. The lower chambers are known as VENTRICLES. The blood vessels carrying pure blood are ARTERIES. Those carrying impure blood are VEINS.


In certain cases, a need arises for a new heart to a patient . The procedure of giving a new heart to a person is known as HEART TRANSPLANTATION .  The first Heart transplant was carried out by Dr. Christian Barnard in South Africa. The person from whom , a heart has been removed for transplant becomes the DONOR. The patient who receives the heart is the RECIPIENT . Generally, the heart for transplant is removed from a CADAVER immediately after the death of the donor. CADAVER is a dead body. When a person' s brain stops functioning , he is BRAIN DEAD. It is possible for the heart to beat even after BRAIN DEATH. A person is dead when his brain is dead.

Just like heart, the other organs can also be transplanted.  There are donors for eyes, kidney, liver etc.
A person can live with one kidney. So a living person can donate a kidney. Kidney transplant is also known as RENAL TRANSPLANT .  The donor should be compatible with the recepient for any organ donation. To avoid malpractices, there are legislations  relating to organ donation in many countries.

A specialist who deals with kidney diseases is known as NEPHROLOGIST . The science of Kidney disease is NEPHROLOGY. A specialist of urinary problems is known as UROLOGIST . URINARY STONES is a common urinary problem.

A doctor dealing with problems relating to women is a GYNECOLOGIST .
The branch of medicine dealing with women's problems is GYNECOLOGY.

The doctor specializing in child delivery is an OBSTETRICIAN.The branch of medicine is  OBSTETRICS. The act of giving birth to a child is known as DELIVERY. Delivery can be natural/ normal. Otherwise , they resort to CEASARIAN SECTION procedure thereby the child is delivered by a surgical procedure on a woman. A BREACH DELIVERY is one in which the legs of the baby come out first. When a woman has pains before delivery, it is called LABOUR. The ward in which the expecting woman is known as LABOUR WARD in a hospital.


That is all in this post. Those who want more information on terms in BLOC LETTERS , may consult Wikipedia or other good sources.

Kindly subscribe and leave your comments. You may visit my blog " letusmasterenglish.blogspot.com also.

Happy learning !

Sayee Jayaraman
07/02/2015

HEALTH/MEDICAL VOCABULARY 1

HEALTH AND MEDICAL VOCABULARY


Everyday , we read  newspaper . Newspaper , unfortunately, is thrown away after reading the headlines. Earlier I had mentioned in a post that we can use newspapers for improving our English vocabulary. These days newspapers invariably contain articles on health and medicine which are of general interest. Even then , words relating to medicine are frequently used. To understand these articles, you require knowledge of certain medical words. You need not be a qualified doctor to learn these words.In this and subsequent posts, I am going to discuss medical vocabulary expected of an educated person.


You are keeping GOOD HEALTH.  Sometimes , you FALL SICK.  You may have FEVER. You have TEMPERATURE . It means, your body temperature is more than the NORMAL TEMPERATURE . You are RUNNING  TEMPERATURE . You are LAID UP WITH FEVER. You are having COLD. You have SEVERE COUGH and COLD. It is necessary to CONSULT a DOCTOR. Normally , we consult a GENERAL  PHYSICIAN  , in the beginning. He may advise you to get certain TESTS done depending on your problem.  BLOOD TEST is a very common test. It may reveal many things about your ailment. URINE TEST is also very common.

Sometime, the general physician will refer you to a SPECIALIST .  Specialists are doctors who have mastered or specialized a particular branch of medicine. Let us learn a few words indicating the various specialities and the doctors who specialize .

When you have some eye problem, you go to an eye doctor. He is OPHTHALMOLOGIST.
His branch of speciality is OPTHALMOLOGY. He may examine your eyes. You may have problems with your vision . You are not able to read properly. The signboard is not clear.
Perhaps , you are having ACUTE  MYOPIA or SHORT SIGHT. He tests your EYE POWER and advises you to wear suitable GLASSES. When you wear the glasses, your eyesight is CORRECTED . There are several types of eye problems. When people age, they suffer sometimes from EYE CATARACT and a simple OPERATION is performed for REMOVAL OF
CATARACT . A more serious eye problem is GLAUCOMA . When the EYE PRESSURE is high, eye drops are prescribed. To get your eye glasses of suitable specification , you go to an OPTICIAN . When a person does not distinguish different colors, he suffers from COLOR BLINDNESS .

You know that ear, nose and throat are closely connected and doctors specializing in problems relating to these organs / parts are known as ENT specialist. If you have some problem in the ear, surely you would consult an ENT specialist.

When you have some problem with your heart , you are going to consult a CARDIOLOGIST .
His field of specialization is CARDIOLOGY. The doctors use a stethoscope to hear your heart beat. They use SPHYGMOMANOMETER to measure your BLOOD PRESSURE . If your blood pressure is not normal, you may either be suffering from HIGH or LOW BLOOD PRESSURE . High BP is HYPERTENSION . Low BP is HYPOTENSION . An ECG is taken to examine how your heart is functioning . ECG means ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. To find out if you have any block in your heart, they take an Angiogram. To open up a block, a procedure called ANGIOPLASTY is performed. When a person's heart is malfunctioning , he may get HEART ATTACK. Sometimes , a BY-PASS SURGERY  is performed on a heart patient.

I shall continue in my next post. Kindly let me if you find this post useful. Regular visitors to this blog may please subscribe.

Sayee Jayaraman

06/02/2015

Bangalore .